# Common Sense and Investing

Preface: Second post and I'm already off topic according to my subtitle. I do have another post that is more topic appropriate but it's been pretty hectic so I haven't had time to finish it. Although, investing is definitely a kind of technical topic involving data and numbers, so one could argue it is still on topic. And argue I shall! Enjoy!

A lot of smart people I meet frequently mention that they have no clue about investing or other related financial matters. They're quite right that modern finance can get complicated really fast such as option pricing models (that require differential equations and other such complicated maths) but as in most things though, a little common sense goes a long way. So I want to share an analogy that I think will help people understand a rational way to invest i.e. value investing. In particular, the discussion will be geared towards investing in publicly traded stocks but the general idea applies to most asset classes.

#### Stocks: An Emotional Roller Coaster

There's a huge disconnect between how a stock certificate is perceived and what it actually represents. How it is usually perceived is as a number. A number that randomly goes up and down while taking you (usually without asking) on an emotional roller coaster ride. The higher the peaks and lower the troughs, the more exhilarating the ride. Just like gambling, when emotions are involved, it rarely turns out well (or profitable).

What a stock certificate actually represents is much more boring. It represents a part ownership in the underlying company. That is, you are entitled to dividends and other assets of the company in proportion to your ownership stake. In the limit, you own the company.

So I think most people can rationally follow along with this idea: stocks = part ownership of a company. Buying a better company, all things being equal, is better. Most of the time, things aren't equal though, and the biggest thing you have control over is the the price you purchase the stock (you rarely have any ability to change its underlying economics).

"Great, so I get that Brian, but how can I make money off of it?"

This is where it gets tricky. Remember the emotional roller coaster? Well for many people investing is kind of like trying to do math while riding this roller coaster: it's hard to do right! But what I would like to show is how you probably already have a good intuition on how investing should work. Let's take a hypothetical example from everyday life 1 and see how some common sense really matches up with a rational way to invest.

#### From Buying Groceries to Investing

Most people generally know the price of common items they buy. For items such as toilet paper, laundry detergent or a carton of milk, most people have a general idea of what the price should be. For me, I have a good idea of what a 12-packs of Coke Zero costs. The price varies, regular is $4.99 -$5.99, sometimes when it's on sale it can go down to $3.99, and once in a blue moon it will go down to$2.99 per case.

Now imagine that you could return this case of Coke whenever you want, but not just for the price you paid, for the current sale price of the case. So if you bought it on sale for $3.99 last week, you could refund it and get back$5.99 this week when the sale is over (or vice versa). In this hypothetical example, you've actually made $5.99 -$3.99 = $2.00. A return of about 50% ($2.00 / $3.99)! Although contrived, this example shows a key idea. You have some sense of what the case of Coke is worth. That is,$5.99 is over paying for a case of Coke, while $3.99 is a pretty good deal. This is directly analogous to investing in stocks. If you can have a pretty good idea when a stock is on "sale", then you can buy it, wait a little bit until the sale is over, then sell it for a profit. Now here's the part where people get lost. "Sale" means different things to different people. The common way to determine if something is on sale (for everyday items) is to look at the history of its price and see when it's low relative to regular price. People do invest using a much more complicated version of this called Technical Analysis where they only look at charts (for price and other related things like volume) to determine whether or not to buy/sell. It doesn't make much rational sense to me so I won't talk much about it. The other big school of thought, which is much more rational, is called Fundamental Analysis where you look at the actual characteristics of the business (like how much money they make) and estimate what it's worth. The key idea here is that when determining if something is on "sale", we should have some rational line of economic reasoning to back it up. Let's go back to our example of a case of Coke. #### The Cost of a Case of Coke Imagine you really wanted to understand (using "Fundamentals") what a case of Coke was really worth. So you call up your buddy who works at Coke, talk to him and his friends, and you estimate that it costs Coca-Cola about$0.15 for each can of Coke (including cost of water, syrup, aluminum, packaging, distribution). Further, you also call up your buddy at the grocery store and he tells you that he buys a case of Coke from Coca-Cola for between $2.00 and$3.00 per case ($0.16 -$0.25 per can) depending on what kind of deal he can work out with Coca-Cola.

Now, we have a good idea of what the minimum price of a case of Coke given different assumptions:

• Case 1: Assume Coca-Cola makes no money, grocer makes no money (just cost of manufacturing/distribution):

Cost = $0.15/can * 12 cans/case =$1.80/case

• Case 2: Assume Coca-Cola sells to grocer at historic average price ($2.50;$0.058/can profit), and grocer has no profit:

Cost = $2.50/case • Case 3: Assume Coca-Cola sells to grocer at historic average price ($2.50/case; profit: $0.058/can), grocer wants to make$0.60/case profit ($0.05/can): Cost =$2.50 + $0.60 =$3.10/case

So with a minimum price of a case of Coke between $1.80 -$3.10, what is a good price for a case of Coke? Our $2.99 price isn't looking too bad right. It would be even better if we could get a lower price but$2.99 seems like a price that we could reasonably sell it for more down the road (the grocer and Coca-Cola probably will want more profit at some point down the road).

#### Common Sense sprinkled with Economic Rationalism

As I mentioned at the top, rational investing is not too far off from our intuition when buying everyday items such as groceries: you want to buy when things that are on sale 2. The biggest mistake people make though is that their idea of a "sale" doesn't match economic reality. Buying should be done when a thorough economic analysis has shown that it is on "sale".

Admittedly, this is a really hard thing to do. Most of the time, the closest you can get is a rough idea of an asset's price 3, so you have to factor that into your calculations when deciding if something is on sale. The important thing to remember is that our intuition isn't too far off from a smart (read: rational) way to invest: just buy when on sale. The trick (for most people) is that if you can't determine whether it's on sale, you probably shouldn't be investing in the first place.

#### Notes

1

Warren Buffett has a similar real-life example in this fortune article involving a farm but at least for a city boy like me, it's harder to relate to.

2

Everyone knows the old adage "buy low, sell high" but not many people are good at following it.

3

Usually the term "intrinsic value" is used, which roughly means an asset's underlying worth (not to be confused with its current price). Rarely can this be estimated with much precision.

I'm Brian Keng, a former academic, current data scientist and engineer. This is the place where I write about all things technical.